ABSTRACT
Background: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) causes genital herpes, a chronic viral infection that is sexually transmitted and often results in genital ulcer disease (GUD) worldwide.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) IgG and IgM antibodies and the associated risk factors among undergraduate female students of Babcock University.Methods: After ethical approval was obtained, serum samples of 150 consenting female participants (16-35 years) were collected randomly and screened using NADALR HSV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Antibody Test Cassette (Bulgarian Company for Biotechnology, Sofia, Bulgaria). The demographic and clinical information of the participants were also collected using a structured questionnaire. The results were statistically analyzed using the SPSS version 18.0.Results: The outcome of the study shows that out of the 150 participants screened, 5 (3.3%) were positive for HSV-2 IgG antibody, 4 (2.7%) were positive for HSV-2 IgM; while 2 (1.3%) were positive for both HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the seropositivity for HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies among the study participants on the basis of age distribution. With regards to clinical indication for genital herpes in relation to seropositivity of HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies among the study participants, none of the 7 (4.6%) who indicated vaginal itching was seropositive for either HSV-2 IgG or HSV-2 IgM or both. On the other hand, genital lesions were recorded in 0.7% HSV-2 IgG seropositive, 1.3% HSV-2 IgM seropositive and 0.7% HSV-2 both IgG and IgM seropositive. Genital ulcer was recorded among two participants who were either seropositive for HSV-2 IgG (0.7%) or HSV-2 IgM (0.7%). Only one (0.7%) participant indicated inguinal lymphadenopathy, however, the person was HSV-2 IgG/IgM seronegative. Identifiable risk factor significantly (P<0.05) associated with HSV-2 infection include: history of sexually transmitted infections, HIV positive status, and change of sex partners recently.Conclusion: The outcome of this study shows that HSV-2 infection exists among undergraduate female students of Babcock University, Nigeria and therefore appropriate public health measures must be taken to halt the cycle of infection within the University community. Early detection of genital herpes and prompt treatment will help prevent subsequent complications such as genital ulcer disease among young female adults.
ABSTRACT
Aim: To establish a regional surveillance data that may contribute to improvement of oral health prevention/control programs in South Western Uganda. Methods: Using WHO guidelines, HIV-associated oral lesions were identified among 605 HIV/AIDS patients (469 females and 136 males), selected at random from 4 districts of South Western Uganda. Pearson¡¦s Chi square test of independence (´=0.01), was used to compare results. Results: Prevalence of oral lesions was 73.2%. Pseudomembranous Candidiasis (PC) showed the highest overall prevalence of 71.1% (34.9% single and 36.2% mixed); followed by 39.9% prevalence of Erythematous Candidiasis (EC) (13.2%) single; 26.7% mixed) and 18.8% prevalence of Angular Chelitis (AC) (3.1% single and 15.7% mixed). There was: 23.6% co-infection of PC and EC; 12.6% PC and AC, 3.1% were EC and AC, and 17.0% intra-oral pigmentation. Prevalence of oral lesions was significantly (p<0.01) dependent on host pre-exposure to antimicrobials. Conclusions: Oral infections are still highly prevalent among the studied HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. This observation may be due to inadequate antimicrobial agents and oral/dental care. There¡¦s urgent need to train primary health care workers in management of oral lesions associated with HIV/AIDS. More studies are needed to evaluate HIV/AIDS oral lesions in the populace.